It happened 65 years ago (Full Version)

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stella41b -> It happened 65 years ago (7/31/2009 6:43:06 PM)

As you travel around the city you can still see evidence. You can tell which buildings survived, for the walls of many of them still bear the pockmarks from shells and even the stanchions which carry the overhead wires above tramlines in some places still bear dents from bullets. On the East West Route, in the middle of the pavement there is a metre high fragment of a brick wall. This is the best of the remnants of the solid brick wall which once surrounded the Warsaw Ghetto. The few bits of the 'old' Warsaw which survived are mainly in the centre. Everything else was painstakingly rebuilt, including the Old Market Square in the centre.

There is a timeless quality about Warsaw. Starting in the present day in the centre you can travel in any direction, and if you overlook the modern cars parked in the streets and travel among the stone built tenement blocks and massive concrete blocks of flats in sprawling housing estates you reach a point where time no longer matters. You could be in the 1990's, the 1980's, the 1970's or even 1950's.

But Warsaw is not just a city rich in history, it is home to a legend. That legend is honoured by a monument in its Muranow district, a monument with a short length of railway track on which is mounted a wagon half filled with crosses. That legend was arguably the defining moment of the Second World War when the people joined together to stand up against the odds to stand together and fight against the tyranny of the occupying forces. That legend is of course the Warsaw Uprising which broke out August 1st 1944.

It was organized by the National Army (Armia Krajowa) and the elite of the Warsaw Underground in what was known as Operation 'Storm'. It's aim was to regain post-war sovereignty as a succession to the sovereignty before the Second World War rejecting the puppet government under the Soviets which was then the Polish National Liberation Committee in Lublin and additionally to keep the eastern border. It was also an attempt to negate the agreement the Allies reached at the Teheran Conference which placed Poland in the hands of Joseph Stalin.

On the 29th July 1944 via Moscow radio the Union of Polish Patriots appealed to the people of Warsaw to rise up against the occupying Nazi forces. At 3pm, 8.55pm, 9.55pm and 11pm on the 30th July this broadcast was repeated by the 'Tadeusz Kosciuszko' radio station. This took place when the Red Army was advancing towards Warsaw in eastern Poland. With regard to its own successes and advances, the Red Army estimated that the Warsaw Uprising wouldn't last much longer than a few days.

It actually lasted 63 days. Polish losses amounted to around 10,000 killed, 7,000 missing, 5,000 injured soldiers and between 120,000 and 200,000 civilian casualties. Those killed were mostly young Poles, including a very large majority of the Warsaw intelligentsia.

The losses suffered by the occupying Nazis amounted to around 10,000 killed, 6,000 missing, 9,000 injured, at least 300 tanks and armoured cars destroyed.

On the 1st August as the Uprising broke out SS-Reichsfuhrer Heinrich Himmler acting on the instructions of Adolf Hitler ordered the destruction of Warsaw and the extermination of its residents. This order, according to the testimony of Erich von dem Bach at the Nuremburg trials in 1946 was as follows:

1. Captured rebels are to be killed, irrespective of whether they are fighting in accordance with the Hague Convention or not.

2. Those not involved in the fighting, including women and children, were also to be killed.

3. The entire city of Warsaw was to be razed to the ground - all the houses, buildings, streets, everything.

As a result all the residents in the western district of Wola were exterminated, which also took place to the south west in Ochota, to the south in Mokotov, and in the centre of the city. Nazi commanders also allowed rape, robbery and torture to take place. Summary executions of those captured took place in the evenings.

During the Uprising about 25% of the buildings in Warsaw were destroyed and at the end special Nazi destruction squads (Vernichtungskommando) burnt and destroyed a further 35%. This with the 10% destroyed in 1939 and the 15% destroyed as a result of the uprising and liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto meant that by the end of the Second World War 85% of what was Warsaw was destroyed and lay in ruins. Centuries of national, historical and cultural artefacts were either lost, destroyed or stolen.

It's generally accepted that the Warsaw Uprising lasted 63 days and ended 2nd October 1944 when the National Army stopped its offensive action. However negotiations in Ozarow Mazowieckie near Warsaw took longer than expected and the ceasefire wasn't signed until the 3rd October. You could also claim that the Warsaw Uprising lasted 66 days because the Warsaw Underground was still functioning and prisoners were still being taken on the 5th October.

The precise number of Polish victims was never documented and is difficult to estimate. The most common figure of 200,000 comes from the international press conference organized by the Polish National Liberation Committee on 28th August which due to the lack of reliable sources became accepted as the official figure. However in the 1960's this figure changed to 250,000 but nowadays most historians believe it to be around 120,000-130,000.

Those captured during the Uprising including around the time of the ceasefire were taken to a special camp in Pruszkow (just south west of Warsaw) . Around 550,000 came from Warsaw alone, from around Warsaw (both left and right banks of the Vistula River) there were a further 100,000, and from a similar camp in Ursus came another 50,000. After selection some 100,000 ill were released from the camp. The Nazis broke the ceasefire agreement transporting around 165,000 people to slave labour in Germany and sending a further 60,000 to concentration camps in Ravensbruck, Auschwitz and Matthausen.

There's a great deal of controversy about the meaning of the Warsaw Uprising, its taking place and the effectiveness of the decisions taken by the National Army at the start. Some of the arguments centre around the costs of the Uprising (destruction of the city, the loss of an entire generation of young Poles) and some as to why the Uprising took place.

For some years the propaganda of the communist Republic of Poland, including the official version in school textbooks published up to around 1956 tried to present the Warsaw Uprising as an irresponsible decision which caused an untold amount of damage and which didn't have any particular military significance. It was never mentioned that the Red Army acting on orders from Joseph Stalin held back from mounting an offensive on Warsaw on the 5th and 6th of August, the decision being taken for political reasons. The Red Army stayed in position in Radzymin (north east of Warsaw) for 44 days until the first Soviet rocket attacks which took place 13th and 14th September. Despite many promises the Red Army never came to the assistance of those fighting in the Uprising, basically so as not to support any of the aims for independence which went against Soviet plans for post-war Poland.

However after 1989 in more recent post-communist times numerous historical publications have tried to look at the Warsaw Uprising in a much more objective light also working to verify some of the propaganda of former times. However it's also worth watching out for opinions which go to the other extreme and the 'Warsaw Uprising cult'.

Most common arguments critical of the Uprising include:


  • that the Nazis knew about the date of the Uprising from the start.
  • that the Uprising was very badly planned and organized, with practically none of the planned military objectives being achieved.
  • that the Uprising caused huge losses and suffering to the civilian population of Warsaw and also led to widespread destruction of that part of Warsaw found on the left bank of the Vistula.
  • that the badly prepared strategy of the Uprising had virtually no military significance.
  • that none of the political objectives were achieved. It didn't strengthen Mikolajczyk's position with Stalin, but weakened it. It further isolated the position of the exiled Polish government in London on the international arena. It caused the British to cross the National Army off the list of those sponsored with the supply of weapons for resistance fighting and also caused Roosevelt to give Stalin free rein when it came to the affairs of Eastern Europe.


Most common arguments supportive of the Warsaw Uprising include:


  • that the Warsaw Uprising is a symbol of heroism, sacrifice and resilience of those who took part being the biggest in [Polish] history fight for freedom as a value higher than life, injury and all material comforts. It would be a mistake not to acknowledge this and even worse to exclude this from spiritual values.
  • that the Warsaw Uprising was unavoidable.
  • that the Warsaw Uprising was 'the hardest battle of the Second World War and just as hard as the Battle of Stalingrad' (said by Heinrich Himmler to Nazi generals)
  • that the Uprising had considerable military significance. Those who took part in the Uprising caused the Nazis heavy losses, which according to the testimony of Erich von dem Bach 'in the first few days entire [Nazi] units were completely destroyed in a way which the Nazi leaders could never have predicted'.

    Sources:

    Polish Wikipedia.
    Polish National History Institute (Instytut Pamieci Narodowej)
    Wladyslaw Bartoszewski, Dni Walczajacej Stolicy - Kronika Powstania Warszawskiego



Prinsexx -> RE: It happened 65 years ago (7/31/2009 7:08:34 PM)

Thant you Stella. This is an international community and it is always valuable ro be reminded of not only a history which reflects upon is all. It is also good to be reminded of the freedoms that we take so very much for granted.




MasterG2kTR -> RE: It happened 65 years ago (7/31/2009 7:24:15 PM)

Very interesting piece of history that I never knew about (or remember). My great grandparents were Polish immigrants, though I never got to know them as they were long dead before I was born.



DomKen -> RE: It happened 65 years ago (7/31/2009 8:55:59 PM)

I have always thought the Poles were enormously brave. They rose up after 5 years under the Nazis which means they had a clear idea of how the Nazis would respond. But they were willing to pay that price to set themselves free.



Arpig -> RE: It happened 65 years ago (7/31/2009 10:18:20 PM)

I have always been of the opinion that they never really thought the uprising would end any other way than it did. I think it was a symbolic act from the very beginning.



janiebelle -> RE: It happened 65 years ago (7/31/2009 10:45:44 PM)

FR

I tend to think that this was indeed a last stand, a sort of "better to die on your feet than to live on your knees" gesture.
But then again, they were doubtless inspired by the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943.  It started on April 19th (a significant date liberty lovers to this day), lasted for 27 days, and held off the liquidation of the ghetto and deportation of the jews living there. 
There are many inspiring examples of this kind of moral character throughout history.  And we would be remiss to forget them.
j



Arpig -> RE: It happened 65 years ago (7/31/2009 10:47:06 PM)

Those Poles certainly are a revolting bunch



Runs and hides as quick he can[:D][:D][:D]



lusciouslips19 -> RE: It happened 65 years ago (7/31/2009 11:12:35 PM)

I am sorry but knowing the history of the treatment of the jews of Poland starting with the Progroms that started in the jewish Shtetls and the treatment of the polish jews by other Poles and the post war treatement of the jews. I can not look at them with the same feeling of awe as some here can. I am sure there were some righteous christians but it was a largely antisemetic country.

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/23/books/review/23margolick.html



popeye1250 -> RE: It happened 65 years ago (7/31/2009 11:56:56 PM)

Wow, if I were alive and living in Poland then after the Allies subdued the Germans I would have gotten a large amount of heavily armed people together and headed for un-armed Germany. Just the "Irish" in me I guess. lol
But I'm very surprised that Poles, French and others didn't do that and get some "genocide" on some German asses after the war was over
"Ordered us destroyed huh?". "Now it' your turn!"



DomKen -> RE: It happened 65 years ago (8/1/2009 12:35:35 AM)


quote:

ORIGINAL: lusciouslips19

I am sorry but knowing the history of the treatment of the jews of Poland starting with the Progroms that started in the jewish Shtetls and the treatment of the polish jews by other Poles and the post war treatement of the jews. I can not look at them with the same feeling of awe as some here can. I am sure there were some righteous christians but it was a largely antisemetic country.

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/23/books/review/23margolick.html

One of the first thing the Poles did during the uprising was liberate a camp, Gesiowka, containing hundreds of Jews.



JonnieBoy -> RE: It happened 65 years ago (8/1/2009 12:50:26 AM)

quote:

ORIGINAL: lusciouslips19

I am sorry but knowing the history of the treatment of the jews of Poland starting with the Progroms that started in the jewish Shtetls and the treatment of the polish jews by other Poles and the post war treatement of the jews. I can not look at them with the same feeling of awe as some here can. I am sure there were some righteous christians but it was a largely antisemetic country.

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/23/books/review/23margolick.html


Not truly representative, the argument (Polish anti semetism ) would be better served by giving the Catholic faith the burden of guilt and then, (arguably) out of insecurity, than the "Poles" in general. We are in the territory of history that those who have lived their lives in "free" countries can never truly grasp.

I think the Third Reich and The Catholic (Spanish) Inquisition are your "popular" culprits.

As far as it goes, there is little to none in terms of doubt in my mind that if the Poles had not revolted, a lot less "Jews" would have been on the planet right now. In middle Europe the peoples have lived with wars and death and suffering and plague and invasions and vicious slaughter for 1000's of years, why anyone should expect NOT to be on someone's "target" list is completely beyond me. (I suspect if taken in, that may come as culture shock to the vast majority of members here)

Of course, now for the backlash, I won't be batting an eyelash and (fully expect) I WILL be misjudged. (Not by you Lushy)

Pirate



lusciouslips19 -> RE: It happened 65 years ago (8/1/2009 2:58:29 AM)

Well Pirate half of the 6 million jews were polish. But the accounts of the bitterness and hatred are legendary in my community. First hand accounts. Polish jew returned to their home to find people had taken them and looted their belongings. They were spat on and told that they wished Hitler had finished the job. So that is why there are so few jews in poland. They immigrated to Israel or the U.S.



lusciouslips19 -> RE: It happened 65 years ago (8/1/2009 3:02:01 AM)

I do not hold any hatred toward the polish people now nor the descendants. People have come a long way since then.



Starbuck09 -> RE: It happened 65 years ago (8/1/2009 4:06:48 AM)

Polish anti semitism was no greater than the attitudes of most countries lucious lips. THeir attitude should certainly not impinge upon your ability to see the bravery displayed in the
Warsw uprising, just as Germany's foreign policies should not prevent you from seeing the heroism of their troops in countless bettles from Stalingrad to Halbe.



FangsNfeet -> RE: It happened 65 years ago (8/1/2009 4:08:16 AM)

quote:

ORIGINAL: popeye1250

Wow, if I were alive and living in Poland then after the Allies subdued the Germans I would have gotten a large amount of heavily armed people together and headed for un-armed Germany. Just the "Irish" in me I guess. lol
But I'm very surprised that Poles, French and others didn't do that and get some "genocide" on some German asses after the war was over
"Ordered us destroyed huh?". "Now it' your turn!"


That was the problem in the first place. If the after math of WWI hadn't crippled Germany so much, the disperation of Hitler and the Nazi party in charge most likly wouldn't have happened. The after math of WWI was what made Europe think that Germany diserved to start attacking other countries. Putting Germany from its knees down to its stomach would just ultimatly lead to WWIII.



Starbuck09 -> RE: It happened 65 years ago (8/1/2009 4:16:05 AM)

What european countries believed Germany ''deserved'' to attack other countries?  Most of the German high command were desperate for Hitler not to start the war as they did not believe they were powerful enough to win it.



lusciouslips19 -> RE: It happened 65 years ago (8/1/2009 7:22:05 AM)

quote:

ORIGINAL: Starbuck09

Polish anti semitism was no greater than the attitudes of most countries lucious lips. THeir attitude should certainly not impinge upon your ability to see the bravery displayed in the
Warsw uprising, just as Germany's foreign policies should not prevent you from seeing the heroism of their troops in countless bettles from Stalingrad to Halbe.


Germany teaches about it in schools and have done much to change. Until very recently, any book on the Polish antisemitism was banned. You cant change, what you ignore.

But no, it does not negate heroism. But the history lesson that was given didnt have the seamy underbelly in it. Thats why I reflected upon this unsavory part of history and why the jewish people have more negative feelings left for Poland than for Germany.



thishereboi -> RE: It happened 65 years ago (8/1/2009 7:24:26 AM)

That was very interesting stella, thanks for posting it.



Starbuck09 -> RE: It happened 65 years ago (8/1/2009 7:28:33 AM)

Germany teaches about it's antisemitism in schools because it lead directly to the holocaust. Poland was in no way responsible for this and their country was no more anti semetic then say Britian or america. One of the main reasons antisemitism was not discussed in poland was becasue it was part of the soviet union. The communists did not wish for anything to detract from the suffering of their own people hence the plight of the jews and the disable e.t.c. was swept under the carpet to maximise to focus attention on their losses. Jewish people have no right to have negative feelings for Poland, certainly no more than they would have for other countries. There seems to be a widespread misconception that because the holocaust happened in part in poland that somehow the polish were culpable. This is offensive and ignorant nonsense. This histrory lesson needs no anti semite context the equivalent would be an article expounding the heroism displayed in the battle of Britian being castigated as it failed to mention that jewish and black people were discriminated against in Britain at the time.



lusciouslips19 -> RE: It happened 65 years ago (8/1/2009 7:33:56 AM)

quote:

ORIGINAL: Starbuck09

Germany teaches about it's antisemitism in schools because it lead directly to the holocaust. Poland was in no way responsible for this and their country was no more anti semetic then say Britian or america. One of the main reasons antisemitism was not discussed in poland was becasue it was part of the soviet union. The communists did not wish for anything to detract from the suffering of their own people hence the plight of the jews and the disable e.t.c. was swept under the carpet to maximise to focus attention on their losses. Jewish people have no right to have negative feelings for Poland, certainly no more than they would have for other countries. There seems to be a widespread misconception that because the holocaust happened in part in poland that somehow the polish were culpable. This is offensive and ignorant nonsense. This histrory lesson needs no anti semite context the equivalent would be an article expounding the heroism displayed in the battle of Britian being castigated as it failed to mention that jewish and black people were discriminated against in Britain at the time.


These feelings are not due to the war. They are due to what happened after the war when the jews went back to their homes. This is post war and not related to The holocust.




^ a b (Polish) Stefan Grajek, Po wojnie i co dalej? Żydzi w Polsce, wlatach 1945−1949, translated by Aleksander Klugman, Żydowski Instytut Historyczny, Warszawa 2003, ss. 240. Citation in Polish: Żydzi byli zabijani nie tylko przez niektóre organizacje prawicowego podziemia, ale też przez pospolitych bandytów [oraz] jako funkcjonariusze komunistycznego państwa, bez dodatkowego motywu rasistowskiego. Wedle Aliny Całej, liczba Żydów zabitych w latach 1944−1947 przekracza tysiąc osób (Alina Cała, "Mniejszość żydowska", [w:] Piotr Madajczyk (red.), Mniejszości narodowe w Polsce. Państwo i społeczeństwo polskie a mniejszości narodowe w okresach przełomów politycznych (1944−1989), Warszawa 1998, s. 252). Page 254.[1]
^ a b Joanna B. Michlic. The Holocaust and Its Aftermath as Perceived in Poland: Voices of Polish Intellectuals, 1945-1947. In: David Bankier, ed. The Jews are Coming Back: The Return of the Jews to Their Countries of Origin After WW II. Berghahn Books, 2005.
^ a b c Michael Bernhard, Henryk Szlajfer, From the Polish Underground, page 375 Published by Penn State Press, 2004, ISBN 0271025654, ISBN 9780271025650. 500 pages
^ a b David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig. The World Reacts to the Holocaust. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
^ A. Stankowski, Studia z historii Zydow w Polsce po 1945 roku, Warszawa 2000, pp.107-111.
^ a b Jan Tomasz Gross, Revolution from Abroad Princeton University Press - Page 277
^ a b c Natalia Aleksiun. Jewish Responses to Antisemitism in Poland, 1944-1947. In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press, 2003.
^ Jan T. Gross. After Auschwitz. The reality and Meaning of Postwar antisemitism in Poland. In: Jonathan Frankel, ed. Studies in Contemporary Jewry. Oxford University Press US, 2005.
^ Daniel Blatamn. The Encounter between Jews and Poles in Lublin District after Liberation, 1944-1945. East European Politics & Societies. 2006, Vol. 20, No. 4, 598-621.
^ Manus I. Midlarsky. The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
^ Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen, Immigration and Asylum Published by ABC-CLIO
^ Bozena Szaynok. The Role of Antisemitism in Postwar Polish-Jewish Relations. In: Robert Blobaum, ed. Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland. Cornell University Press, 2005.
^ Joanna B. Michlic. Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present. University of Nebraska Press, 2006.
^ Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust, page 130, (ibidem) Published by McFarland, 1998.
^ Daniel Blatamn. The Encounter between Jews and Poles in Lublin District after Liberation, 1944-1945. East European Politics & Societies. 2006, Vol. 20, No. 4, 598-621. Pages 601-602.
^ Aleksander Hertz (1988). The Jews in Polish Culture. Northwestern University Press. pp. 1. 
^ Dariusz Libionka, Antisemitism, Anti-Judaism, and the Polish Catholic Clergy during the Second World War, 1939-1945. In: Robert Blobaum, ed. Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland. Cornell University Press, 2005.
^ István Deák; Jan Tomasz Gross, Tony Judt (2000). The politics of retribution in Europe : World War II and its aftermath. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. pp. 111. ISBN 0691009538. OCLC 43840165. http://books.google.com/books?id=s82F2H0FEHQC&pg=PA111&lpg=PA111&ots=TzLGIZi_-H&sig=j6pqJCW76yOyez2H5XhhDBkDxCk. 
^ a b c d e Engel, David (1998). "Patterns Of Anti-Jewish Violence In Poland, 1944-1946" (PDF). Yad Vashem Studies Vol. XXVI. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem.  p. 32
^ [2]
^ David Engel, "Patterns Of Anti-Jewish Violence In Poland, 1944-1946", p. 21 (second paragraph) Yad Vashem Studies Vol. XXVI. Yad Vashem, Jerusalem. (PDF 198 KB file).
^ Aleksiun, Natalia (2003). "Jewish Responses to Antisemitism in Poland 1944-1947". in Joshua D. Zimmerman. Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press. pp. 248. 
^ Gross, Jan T. (2005). "After Auschwitz: The Reality and Meaning of Postwar Antisemitism in Poland". in Jonathan Frankel. Studies in Contemporary Jewry. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195182243. 
^ a b Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist) (1997). "Postwar years". Poland's Holocaust. McFarland & Company. p. 136. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3. http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0786403713&id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=Kielce+pogrom+UB&sig=mQYXdHi4C0gr3egZn2SzVqmYzWk. 
^ Michlic, p. 347.
^ a b (Russian) . Л.Б. Милякова Политика польских коммунистов в еврейском вопросе (1944-1947 гг.) (The politics of the Polish communists on the Jewish question in 1944-1947) [3]
^ Cichopek, Anna (2003). "The Cracow pogrom of August 1945: A Narrative Reconstruction". in Joshua D. Zimmerman. Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press. pp. 224. 
^ a b Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust McFarland - Page 136
^ a b Robert B. Pynsent, ed (2000). The Phoney Peace: Power and Culture in Central Europe, 1945-49. University of London School of Slavonic and East European Studies. ISBN 0903425017. 
^ [4]
^ http://www.notforthedead.pl/Site_2/homepage.html
^ Kochavi, Arieh J. (2001). Post-Holocaust Politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish Refugees, 1945-1948. The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 175. ISBN 0807826200. 
^ Marrus, Michael Robert; Aristide R. Zolberg (2002). The Unwanted: European Refugees from the First World War Through the Cold War. Temple University Press. pp. 336. ISBN 1566399556. "This gigantic effort "accelerated powerfully known by the Hebrew code word Brichah(flight) accelerated powerfully after the Kielce pogrom in July 1946"" 
^ István Deák; Jan Tomasz Gross, Tony Judt (2000). The politics of retribution in Europe : World War II and its aftermath. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. pp. 106-107. ISBN 0691009538. OCLC 43840165. http://books.google.com/books?id=s82F2H0FEHQC&pg=PA106&sig=-d4IdHYrS-YpmClMx8NaajRKvKM. 
^ See, e.g., Antony Polanski. My Brother's Keeper? Routledge, 1989; Meyer Weinberg. Because They Were Jews: A History of Antisemitism. Greenwood Press, 1986; Jan Tomasz Gross. Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia. Princeton University Press, 2002; Natalia Aleksiun. Jewish Responses to Antisemitism in Poland, 1944-1947. In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press, 2003.
^ Cited in Engel, 1998
^ Yisrael Gutman. The Jews in Poland after World War II (Hebrew), (Jerusalem: Merkaz Zalman Shazar, 1985). 
^ Cichopek, The Cracow pogrom of August 1945, p. 221.
^ (Polish) Stefan Grajek, Po wojnie i co dalej? Żydzi w Polsce, w latach 1945−1949, (translated from Hebrew by Aleksander Klugman), Żydowski Instytut Historyczny, Warszawa 2003, pg. 254 [5]
^ Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998). Poland's holocaust : ethnic strife, collaboration with occupying forces and genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947. McFarland and Company. pp. 130. ISBN 0786403713. OCLC 37195289. http://books.google.com/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA130&ots=0IlRM2OGVU&dq=1,500-2,000+jews+between+1944+and+1947&sig=84o9Z9cKWyrW65b6fIZmcBdgIWg#PPA130,M1. 
^ Lucjan Dobroszycki. "Restoring Jewish Life in Post-War Poland", Soviet Jewish Affairs 3 (1973), pp. 68-70. Cited in Engel 1998



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