Collarspace Discussion Forums


Home  Login  Search 

Japan revises history books


View related threads: (in this forum | in all forums)

Logged in as: Guest
 
All Forums >> [Casual Banter] >> Off the Grid >> Japan revises history books Page: [1] 2   next >   >>
Login
Message << Older Topic   Newer Topic >>
Japan revises history books - 10/23/2007 1:00:08 PM   
Level


Posts: 25145
Joined: 3/3/2006
Status: offline
quote:

On the eve of the American invasion of this subtropical island 62 years ago, Haruko Miyahira heard her elder brother, Seishu, tell their father about an order from the Japanese military.

"My brother, who was then deputy mayor, told our father that US troops were about to land on the island, and said to him, 'We were ordered from the military to kill ourselves. Let's die together with good grace!'" Ms. Miyahira recalls.

Many older islanders like Miyahira recall the warnings from the Imperial Army that American soldiers, closing in on Japan at the end of World War II, would treat captured women and men brutally. Civilians were told to kill themselves rather than surrender. Then, they were each given two grenades and instructed to hurl one at the Americans and blow themselves up with the other.

"It was hammered into us by the military and wartime indoctrination," says Kaoru Miyazato, another islander who says he lost many relatives in the suicides. "The Japanese military kept a firm grip on the village office."


http://news.yahoo.com/s/csm/20071023/wl_csm/oimperial


_____________________________

Fake the heat and scratch the itch
Skinned up knees and salty lips
Let go it's harder holding on
One more trip and I'll be gone

~~ Stone Temple Pilots
Profile   Post #: 1
RE: Japan revises history books - 10/23/2007 5:54:50 PM   
TheHeretic


Posts: 19100
Joined: 3/25/2007
From: California, USA
Status: offline 		      "Masochistic views of history."  What a great phrase.

     Thanks for the link, Level.

_____________________________

If you lose one sense, your other senses are enhanced.
That's why people with no sense of humor have such an inflated sense of self-importance.


(in reply to Level)
Profile   Post #: 2
RE: Japan revises history books - 10/23/2007 8:58:15 PM   
DomKen


Posts: 19457
Joined: 7/4/2004
From: Chicago, IL
Status: offline 		Yet another attempt by Japanese nationalists to revise their history away so they can rearm and rebuild their empire.

I've never been as offended as I was during my visit to the Hiroshima Peace museum while in the USN. The place was all about how Japan suffered during the war. Not one word about Nanking or Bataan/Corregidor or Korean women or Unit 731 or the eating of POW's or Pearl Harbor or anything. I literally had to leave before I hurt somebody.

(in reply to TheHeretic)
Profile   Post #: 3
RE: Japan revises history books - 10/24/2007 6:47:45 AM   
joanus


Posts: 527
Joined: 2/28/2007
Status: offline
quote:

ORIGINAL: DomKen

Yet another attempt by Japanese nationalists to revise their history away so they can rearm and rebuild their empire.

I've never been as offended as I was during my visit to the Hiroshima Peace museum while in the USN. The place was all about how Japan suffered during the war. Not one word about Nanking or Bataan/Corregidor or Korean women or Unit 731 or the eating of POW's or Pearl Harbor or anything. I literally had to leave before I hurt somebody.


Yeah ok  every one has a few skeletons in their closets, but hey we never nuked any one. But if you had taken a closer look at the war in japan you'd see more that just two nonmilitary cities full of civilians wiped of the face of the earth. Your military also bombed every other town, city and village nearly to the ground and most of them nonmilitary. After the hiroshima/nagasaki bomding the war ended and the real terror began. The US soldiers that remained in Japan where lawless monsters that inflicted more pain and suffering that anything seen to day, well unless you observe the US troops in Iraq (the biggest terroists in the Middle East right now). My aunt was brutaly raped and murdered at the age of 12 by three American officers, all of who where caught, awared medals then sent back to the US as heros. But they got what they desurved as a year later all three where found dead in their beds with their necks broken and head turned around almost backwards. (hehe) So instead of gloating over a "Victory" ask your self who was really the bad guys. As a desended of a once proud country of honorable warriors, I think American could learn a thing or two about proper conduct from forgien militaries.

PS No POWs where eaten, that just a rediculus uban legend spread by Americans just like that whole "all asain people eat cats thing".

(in reply to DomKen)
Profile   Post #: 4
RE: Japan revises history books - 10/24/2007 11:06:05 AM   
Shawn1066


Posts: 987
Joined: 10/7/2007
Status: offline 		Alright, to say that the US was perfect in WWII is silly...and to say that Japan was perfect in WWII is just as silly.  The Rape of Nanking being a prime example of Japanese brutality, not to mention the widespread use of sex slavery and unspeakable treatment of POWs.  The terrible thing that happened to your Aunt shouldn't blind you to the fact that there are always criminals on both sides of any war.  Terrible things happened to just as many, if not more, people who fell under Japanese occupation in Southeast Asia and in the Pacific.  War turns people into monsters...  Japan's conduct during the war was far worse than the US', by all accounts...and Japan -still- won't own up to their crimes.  The US has made a better job of that...at least our history books note our crimes.

The US, for example, adopted many racists practices against people of Asian heritage at the time, of course.  That's a classic example.  The US is far from blameless, but they weren't the "bad guys" in that particular war.

< Message edited by Shawn1066 -- 10/24/2007 11:10:13 AM >

(in reply to joanus)
Profile   Post #: 5
RE: Japan revises history books - 10/24/2007 11:43:22 AM   
DomKen


Posts: 19457
Joined: 7/4/2004
From: Chicago, IL
Status: offline
quote:

ORIGINAL: joanus

quote:

ORIGINAL: DomKen

Yet another attempt by Japanese nationalists to revise their history away so they can rearm and rebuild their empire.

I've never been as offended as I was during my visit to the Hiroshima Peace museum while in the USN. The place was all about how Japan suffered during the war. Not one word about Nanking or Bataan/Corregidor or Korean women or Unit 731 or the eating of POW's or Pearl Harbor or anything. I literally had to leave before I hurt somebody.


Yeah ok  every one has a few skeletons in their closets, but hey we never nuked any one. But if you had taken a closer look at the war in japan you'd see more that just two nonmilitary cities full of civilians wiped of the face of the earth. Your military also bombed every other town, city and village nearly to the ground and most of them nonmilitary. After the hiroshima/nagasaki bomding the war ended and the real terror began. The US soldiers that remained in Japan where lawless monsters that inflicted more pain and suffering that anything seen to day, well unless you observe the US troops in Iraq (the biggest terroists in the Middle East right now). My aunt was brutaly raped and murdered at the age of 12 by three American officers, all of who where caught, awared medals then sent back to the US as heros. But they got what they desurved as a year later all three where found dead in their beds with their necks broken and head turned around almost backwards. (hehe) So instead of gloating over a "Victory" ask your self who was really the bad guys. As a desended of a once proud country of honorable warriors, I think American could learn a thing or two about proper conduct from forgien militaries.

PS No POWs where eaten, that just a rediculus uban legend spread by Americans just like that whole "all asain people eat cats thing".

Liar.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes#Cannibalism

You're sorely mistaken about a lot of other things in this post. First off Hiroshima and Nagasaki weren't wiped off the face of the earth.  Both cites suffered significant damage directly below the blasts but the zone of total destruction was quite small and the number of casualties from both was smaller, roughly 250,000 dead, than what occured during the Rape of Nanking, 300,000 dead. As to your claims of bad behavior of American troops in Japan during the occupation, are you not aware that MacArthur was treating the Japanese as well as he possibly could. He specifically forbid GI's from eating local food, to prevent the worsening of the existing famine, and at a cost of, at the time, $1 million US dollars a day set up a food distribution program that kept the people alive until their local agriculture returned to some semblance of normality. It was also forbidden to assault any Japanese for any reason*. All told a rather gentle occupation which allowed the nation to return to a position as a global power in less than 30 years.

* I've checked into your vague claim about an aunt. Crimes commited by officers are treated much more seriously than those by enlisted so if such an accusation was leveled there would have been an investigation and if any facts at all supported the accusation there would have been a trial. I can find no record for sucha trial. Give me the name of a community and prefecture or the names of any of the officers and I'll attempt to verify your rather outrageous claim.





< Message edited by DomKen -- 10/24/2007 11:44:57 AM >

(in reply to joanus)
Profile   Post #: 6
RE: Japan revises history books - 10/24/2007 12:22:10 PM   
JackM1


Posts: 137
Joined: 2/3/2007
Status: offline 		history is history...you cant erase the peoples' record of what THEY know really happened.

Domken; there is no reason to doubt what happened to joanus' aunt. just because there isnt a military record of any sort of trial(which DOESNT always happen my friend, you seem to be under the impression that the military ALWAYS takes accusations like that seriously and puts their men on trial, when in fact, they dont. dont bs yourself into thinking that just because on paper everything was geared towards a peaceful occupation that thats what EVERY single person did, all the time, unconditionally). you said that if an "accusation was leveled there would be an investigation" and a trial...well, if YOUR country was at war with the country who's men raped and killed your family member, would you REALLY go to their base and tell them about it?(keep in mind that these peopel were convinced to KILL themselves rather than be captured, because they were under the impression that americans would do horrable things to them...with that kind of fear behind them, i would have been AMAZED that the family told anyone other than other relatives and/or maybe those who lived by them)...also, just HOW did you check into his claim, exactly? what, you just did a google search for girls killed during ww2 in japan? without a name, im sure that would have been very hard....


never fool yourselves into thinking that EITHER side is made up of roses and gold during a war. there will always be those people who find enjoyment out of blowing things up, and shooting the enemy. each side will always find and think the worst of their enemy, and commit attrocities in the name of what they believe is justice. take, for example, the fairly recent scandel of how pow's in iraq were being tortured for information. the soldiers thought they were doing a good thing by getting information about the enemy, we, not being in the situation, were able to look at it from the outside and thought differently. hindsite is 20/20, im sure there are veterans of every war that look back at the things they did and wonder what possessed them. were those people REALLY the enemy, or civilians? should we have pumped napalm and agent organge onto the forest in vietnam? could that shadow moving around been one of our own, and not the enemy? might i have done something different and saved my friend? could i have pulled a little harder, or saved the grenades?

war is a sick thing people, always has been and always will be. to the winner go the spoils and the right to write their version of "history" and how it "REALLY" happened; unfortunately in the modern world when so many eyes are watching, its almost impossible to do now, but clearly some people still try to do it.

as a closing thought; when was the last time you went to a vietnam memorial and saw ANYTHING about us scortching children with napalm, or causing hundreds to be born with birth defects because of our use of agent organge, a VERY strong chemical which killed the forest and leaves it still unable to recouperate? or how about the fact that we joined the war to fight with the french, who were trying to keep vietnam as a colony in french indo-china, despite having gone through the same process for independance ourselves?

< Message edited by JackM1 -- 10/24/2007 12:24:32 PM >

(in reply to DomKen)
Profile   Post #: 7
RE: Japan revises history books - 10/24/2007 1:20:09 PM   
DomKen


Posts: 19457
Joined: 7/4/2004
From: Chicago, IL
Status: offline 		I'm a vet and I know that sometimnes things happen and nothing gets done about it but let's look at the supposed facts as presented:

3 officers raped and murdered a 12 year old girl. They were caught but not convicted, awarded medals and rotated home/were discharged.

No way do 3 commisioned officers get caught for rape and murder of a 12 year old girl and no criminal trial is ever held and no record of the claim exists and no village somewhere in Japan continues to protest and complain about this supposed event. Now compare that to Okinawa where ever bad act by ever servicemen on the island since '45 is trotted out for every protest by the nationalists. I was being kind by asking for clarification but I'll just come out and say it, if there is any truth to the claim at all his original statement will be found to be an extreme exageration even discounting his claims as to the three officers eventual fate.

(in reply to JackM1)
Profile   Post #: 8
RE: Japan revises history books - 10/24/2007 1:37:32 PM   
thompsonx


Posts: 23322
Joined: 10/1/2006
Status: offline
quote:

ORIGINAL: DomKen

Yet another attempt by Japanese nationalists to revise their history away so they can rearm and rebuild their empire.

I've never been as offended as I was during my visit to the Hiroshima Peace museum while in the USN. The place was all about how Japan suffered during the war. Not one word about Nanking or Bataan/Corregidor or Korean women or Unit 731 or the eating of POW's or Pearl Harbor or anything. I literally had to leave before I hurt somebody.

DomKen:
Why on earth would you expect to find anything except Hiroshima stuff at a museum dedicated to the bombing of Hiroshima?
thompson

(in reply to DomKen)
Profile   Post #: 9
RE: Japan revises history books - 10/24/2007 1:53:22 PM   
DomKen


Posts: 19457
Joined: 7/4/2004
From: Chicago, IL
Status: offline
quote:

ORIGINAL: thompsonx

quote:

ORIGINAL: DomKen

Yet another attempt by Japanese nationalists to revise their history away so they can rearm and rebuild their empire.

I've never been as offended as I was during my visit to the Hiroshima Peace museum while in the USN. The place was all about how Japan suffered during the war. Not one word about Nanking or Bataan/Corregidor or Korean women or Unit 731 or the eating of POW's or Pearl Harbor or anything. I literally had to leave before I hurt somebody.

DomKen:
Why on earth would you expect to find anything except Hiroshima stuff at a museum dedicated to the bombing of Hiroshima?
thompson

Umm... I didn't? However that isn't what the Hiroshima Peace Museum contained. There were plentiful exhibits on the  pre bombing suffering of the Japanese people due to the US submarine attacks on their shipping. There was a whole section dedicated to the fire bombing of Tokyo. There was even a section on the US internment camps for those of Japanese ancestry. All fairly unpleasant and deserving of recognition but also presenting a completely unbalanced view of the war and showed a strong attempt to make the Japanese out to have been the victims of WWII rather than one of the causes. If it had simply been about the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings as I, and my shipmates, had expected I would have had nothing to say about the place on this subject.

(in reply to thompsonx)
Profile   Post #: 10
RE: Japan revises history books - 10/24/2007 2:18:10 PM   
thompsonx


Posts: 23322
Joined: 10/1/2006
Status: offline
quote:

ORIGINAL: DomKen

quote:

ORIGINAL: thompsonx

quote:

ORIGINAL: DomKen

Yet another attempt by Japanese nationalists to revise their history away so they can rearm and rebuild their empire.

I've never been as offended as I was during my visit to the Hiroshima Peace museum while in the USN. The place was all about how Japan suffered during the war. Not one word about Nanking or Bataan/Corregidor or Korean women or Unit 731 or the eating of POW's or Pearl Harbor or anything. I literally had to leave before I hurt somebody.

DomKen:
Why on earth would you expect to find anything except Hiroshima stuff at a museum dedicated to the bombing of Hiroshima?
thompson

Umm... I didn't? However that isn't what the Hiroshima Peace Museum contained. There were plentiful exhibits on the  pre bombing suffering of the Japanese people due to the US submarine attacks on their shipping. There was a whole section dedicated to the fire bombing of Tokyo. There was even a section on the US internment camps for those of Japanese ancestry. All fairly unpleasant and deserving of recognition but also presenting a completely unbalanced view of the war and showed a strong attempt to make the Japanese out to have been the victims of WWII rather than one of the causes. If it had simply been about the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings as I, and my shipmates, had expected I would have had nothing to say about the place on this subject.

DomKen:
I do not know when you were there but I was there in 1967 and all that was in the museum was stuff directly related to the Atomic Bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima and a small section concerning the Atomic Bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki.
thompson

(in reply to DomKen)
Profile   Post #: 11
RE: Japan revises history books - 10/24/2007 2:28:38 PM   
DomKen


Posts: 19457
Joined: 7/4/2004
From: Chicago, IL
Status: offline 		I was there in 1988 and apparently things had changed. Googling around real quick indicates that the museum suffers from a rather politicized governing board appointed by Hiroshima's mayor and at times the museun has had a more nationalist tone than what you saw.

(in reply to thompsonx)
Profile   Post #: 12
RE: Japan revises history books - 10/24/2007 2:40:08 PM   
thompsonx


Posts: 23322
Joined: 10/1/2006
Status: offline
quote:

ORIGINAL: DomKen

I was there in 1988 and apparently things had changed. Googling around real quick indicates that the museum suffers from a rather politicized governing board appointed by Hiroshima's mayor and at times the museun has had a more nationalist tone than what you saw.

DomKen:
Here is a virtual tour of the museum
http://www.pcf.city.hiroshima.jp/frame/Virtual_e/tour_e/guide1.html
Perhaps you would be so kind as to show us where the offensive material is that you saw.
thompson

(in reply to DomKen)
Profile   Post #: 13
RE: Japan revises history books - 10/24/2007 6:34:53 PM   
JackM1


Posts: 137
Joined: 2/3/2007
Status: offline 		BACK. ON. TOPIC.

gezuz, you guy have shorter attention spans than 3 year olds.

is it ok that the japanese government is trying to change/cover up history?

(in reply to thompsonx)
Profile   Post #: 14
RE: Japan revises history books - 10/24/2007 6:46:43 PM   
thompsonx


Posts: 23322
Joined: 10/1/2006
Status: offline
quote:

ORIGINAL: JackM1

BACK. ON. TOPIC.

gezuz, you guy have shorter attention spans than 3 year olds.

is it ok that the japanese government is trying to change/cover up history?


JackM1:
They definitely are trying to change history but that is not anything new.  They have only had a couple of thousand years of practice.  By the same token our own history books are not always historically accurate.  I lived there for a while and I have never met a more bigoted group of people in my life...but they are oh so polite in the process of letting you know that you are not quite human and you never will be.  Yes I did go out of my way to explain to them just how full of shit they were.
No I am not saying 100% of them are that way but way over half are.
thompson

< Message edited by thompsonx -- 10/24/2007 6:49:55 PM >

(in reply to JackM1)
Profile   Post #: 15
RE: Japan revises history books - 10/25/2007 5:25:11 AM   
joanus


Posts: 527
Joined: 2/28/2007
Status: offline
quote:

ORIGINAL: Shawn1066

The US, for example, adopted many racists practices against people of Asian heritage at the time, of course.  That's a classic example.  The US is far from blameless, but they weren't the "bad guys" in that particular war.


Actually Shawn the US ended up signing the treaty of Versi (I think thats the right one) as Agressors of WWII because of the Bombing of Hiroshima/Nagasaki. America along with the Germans signed as Agressors while Japan and the rest of the world signed as victims. So in a sence America was one of the "bad guys", this is of course basic high school history.
And for those of you who tried to look up WWII crimes in the US military data base you won't find any crimes comitted. But you can try the acrhives of the Tokyo Times they may have it. Okinawa is nertorious for US military crimes example this one:
http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9603/okinawa_rape/
It's a little old (1996) but still the US seems to have a taste for under age girls, and its spookly similar to what happened to my aunt back in the 40s. Times change but people don't.
Take Iraq for instance I was there back in 2005-06 and I wittnessed a US HumVee full of American troops raze a playground full of childern (oldest of which couldn't have been more than 7) with the hummers mounted machine gun. All to the sick sound track of bad rock music, insane laughter, and the screams of "kill the ragheads". They ran over the one kid who managed not to get shot , with their vehicle. If those are soldiers then I'm Budda. The troops in Iraq behave more like terrorists than the actual terrorists them selves. (at least the terrorists are Civilized)

(in reply to Shawn1066)
Profile   Post #: 16
RE: Japan revises history books - 10/25/2007 7:22:33 AM   
thompsonx


Posts: 23322
Joined: 10/1/2006
Status: offline
quote:

ORIGINAL: joanus

quote:

ORIGINAL: Shawn1066

The US, for example, adopted many racists practices against people of Asian heritage at the time, of course.  That's a classic example.  The US is far from blameless, but they weren't the "bad guys" in that particular war.


Actually Shawn the US ended up signing the treaty of Versi (I think thats the right one) as Agressors of WWII because of the Bombing of Hiroshima/Nagasaki. America along with the Germans signed as Agressors while Japan and the rest of the world signed as victims. So in a sence America was one of the "bad guys",
The treaty of Versai (sometimes referred to as the Treaty of Versailles)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWversailles.htm
ended WW I in which Japan was an ally of the U.S.

this is of course basic high school history.
Which high school?
And for those of you who tried to look up WWII crimes in the US military data base you won't find any crimes comitted. But you can try the acrhives of the Tokyo Times
This site would seem to indicate that everyone has bloody hands.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II

they may have it. Okinawa is nertorious for US military crimes example this one:
http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9603/okinawa_rape/
It's a little old (1996) but still the US seems to have a taste for under age girls, and its spookly similar to what happened to my aunt back in the 40s. Times change but people don't.
Rapist don't normally check ID.


Take Iraq for instance I was there back in 2005-06 and I wittnessed a US HumVee full of American troops raze a playground full of childern (oldest of which couldn't have been more than 7) with the hummers mounted machine gun. All to the sick sound track of bad rock music, insane laughter, and the screams of "kill the ragheads". They ran over the one kid who managed not to get shot , with their vehicle. If those are soldiers then I'm Budda. The troops in Iraq behave more like terrorists than the actual terrorists them selves. (at least the terrorists are Civilized)
Whom do you think becomes a soldier...choir boys?  Typically they are poor, undereducated, unemployed or underemployed and easily confused with propaganda.  I am speaking here of the majority not the totality.



(in reply to joanus)
Profile   Post #: 17
RE: Japan revises history books - 10/25/2007 7:24:43 AM   
DomKen


Posts: 19457
Joined: 7/4/2004
From: Chicago, IL
Status: offline 		The Treaty of Versailles ended WWI not WWII. The peace treaty that ended WWII in the Pacific was the Treaty of San Francisco ( Treaty of Peace with Japan) signed in 1951. This treaty was between Japan and the 49 allied nations that signed it including the US.
http://www.uni-erfurt.de/ostasiatische_geschichte/texte/japan/dokumente/19/19510908_treaty.htm

I've reread the whole thing and no where find any admission that the US was the aggressor. Basic high school history you might say.

Now on to yet more of your claims. Are you now claiming your aunt was Okinawan? In the face of the fact that the government of Okinawa continually brings up every bad act by US servicepeople in the history of US forces on the island? Knowing full well that I already checked several lists of these crimes and no such crime is reported in Okinawa?

Now you just made a claim about US forces in Iraq that is absurd and fairly clearly a lie. Provide enough details to verify it or retract the statement. Also why not report it to proper authorities while you were supposedly in country? Why not report it to US news media in country?

Thompsonx, so the museum's exhibits changed again. I believe I made the point above that as the Mayor of Hiroshima changes so does the museum.

(in reply to joanus)
Profile   Post #: 18
RE: Japan revises history books - 10/25/2007 7:36:49 AM   
thompsonx


Posts: 23322
Joined: 10/1/2006
Status: offline
quote:

ORIGINAL: DomKen

Thompsonx, so the museum's exhibits changed again. I believe I made the point above that as the Mayor of Hiroshima changes so does the museum.

DomKen:
What a coincidence that it changed back to exactly the one I saw in 1967.
thompson

(in reply to DomKen)
Profile   Post #: 19
RE: Japan revises history books - 10/25/2007 8:20:51 AM   
joanus


Posts: 527
Joined: 2/28/2007
Status: offline
quote:

ORIGINAL: DomKen

Are you now claiming your aunt was Okinawan?

Also why not report it to proper authorities while you were supposedly in country?



My grandparents moved to Okinawa after the bombing of Hiroshima trying to escape the war. Why they thought Okinawa was any better I dont know.

In Iraq if your not an American soldier your little better off than the Iraqis themselves and confunting or reporting American misconduct is a good way to get your self shot. Also there is little chain of comand in Baghdad, mostly just redneck hoolgins running around with guns. Check out the internet just about every site has videos goofing off (stuffing 15 guys into a porta-john is not how you win the war on terrorism) or racually sluring the very people they're helping. Some sites actually have videos of these acts being comitted. Lets not for the the pictures of the Afgani butt pyramid pictures that where all over the new about a year or so ago.

(in reply to DomKen)
Profile   Post #: 20
Page:   [1] 2   next >   >>
All Forums >> [Casual Banter] >> Off the Grid >> Japan revises history books Page: [1] 2   next >   >>
Jump to:





New Messages No New Messages
Hot Topic w/ New Messages Hot Topic w/o New Messages
Locked w/ New Messages Locked w/o New Messages
 Post New Thread
 Reply to Message
 Post New Poll
 Submit Vote
 Delete My Own Post
 Delete My Own Thread
 Rate Posts




Collarchat.com © 2025
Terms of Service Privacy Policy Spam Policy

0.094